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This month’s rare total eclipse will be the last one visible from the United States until 2022.

is an assistant teaching professor in the Physics Department at ���ϲ�����’s College of Arts and Sciences. Freeman answers five questions about the upcoming astronomy event.

Freeman says:

What should those in the viewing area of the Jan. 20-21 total lunar eclipse expect to see?

“Viewers will see a normal full moon at first starting at around 10:35 p.m. Eastern time. At that time, the Earth’s shadow will begin to pass in front of the moon, blocking almost all of the sun’s light from reaching it. Observers will see the moon appear to be progressively ‘swallowed up’ starting from the lower left. This process will end at 11:40 p.m., when the Earth’s shadow covers the whole of the moon’s surface; this is the beginning of ‘totality.’ This will last until around 12:40 a.m., when the motion of the Earth’s shadow will carry it past the moon, and the moon will gradually again be lit by the sun. At 1:45 a.m., the moon will be fully visible again.

How often does this sort of eclipse happen?

“There is a little less than one total lunar eclipse per year on average. A lunar eclipse can only happen during a full moon, when the moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. But the moon’s orbit is tilted a little bit compared to the Earth’s, so usually when the moon is full, the Earth’s shadow passes a little bit above or a little bit below it. This is why we don’t have a lunar eclipse every month.”

What’s the difference between a total lunar eclipse and a “blood moon”…or are they the same thing?

“The moon won’t be completely invisible during the period of totality, when the Earth’s shadow completely covers it! A little bit of sunlight is refracted by the Earth’s atmosphere and reaches the moon, bending around the edges of the Earth. This small amount of red light still illuminates the moon enough for us to see it. Instead of being bright and white, the moon will be very dim and red, ten thousand or so times dimmer than usual; people call this a ‘blood moon.’

“Since the Moon doesn’t shine on its own, but only reflects the sun’s light, any lunar eclipse happens when the Earth is exactly between the sun and the moon.”

Is there anything that those on the ground should be aware of when they’re looking up at a total lunar eclipse?

“There are no precautions you need to take when observing a lunar eclipse, since the moon is never bright enough to hurt our eyes like the sun is. A blood moon is one of the few opportunities we have to see both the moon and the stars in the sky at the same time, since the moon is usually too bright!”

When will the next one happen that can be viewed from parts of North America?

“Partial solar eclipses (where the Earth’s shadow doesn’t completely cover the moon, and only takes a bite out of the side of it) are more common. But the next total solar eclipse visible from the United States will be on November 8, 2022 — visible as the Moon sets in the West just before sunrise.”

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