Due to its economic growth and large population, the People’s Republic of China is widely viewed as a rising economic and military superpower. But declining fertility rates and increased life expectancies over the last few decades have conspired to make China one of the more rapidly aging societies in the world.
Merril Silverstein
, the inaugural holder of the Marjorie Cantor Endowed Professorship in Aging (a joint appointment in ϲ’s and ), is an expert on aging in the context of family life who’s uniquely qualified to examine the impact of China’s aging population.
Silverstein, a professor in the at Falk and chair of the in Maxwell, is editor of the 2022 book “,” which was recently released in paperback. The bookfocuses on the accelerated social and demographic changes in China and examines their implications for family care and support for older adults.
Combining quantitative data from social surveys in China, comparative surveys in Taiwan and Thailand, and qualitative data from in-depth interviews, “Aging Families in Chinese Society” explores the various challenges facing aging families in China as a result of reduced family size, changing gender expectations, rapid economic development and urbanization, rural-to-urban migration, and an emerging but still underdeveloped long-term care system.
To dive into this topic in more detail, we asked Silverstein to discuss this phenomenon and its impact across the globe. Here’s that conversation:
Primarily low fertility rates, which are caused to some degree, but not exclusively, by the one-child policy starting in 1978. However, fertility rates have continued to fall since the policy ended in 2016, as preferences for small families have become entrenched. Explanations for these preferences include children becoming more expensive to raise, and women’s growing access to higher education and the labor market, which has delayed the timing of fertility and weakened the desire to have large families.
Growth in the older population relative to the declining number of children has increased the proportionate representation of older adults in China. China’s population is beginning to shrink in size, producing questions about its future workforce and economic growth.
Small families may mean less family support available to older adults. Also, high rates of internal migration have separated adult children from their older parents. Currently, there is little public support for long-term care services and pensions are relatively low, making children especially important but possibly less available to care for, and support, older adults.
Increase the fertility rate. The government has virtually lifted all restrictions on family size, but to only minor effect. One solution is to provide low-cost daycare, parental leave and child subsidies so people are incentivized to have more children.
The inversion of older and younger populations implies that it will become increasingly difficult for China to fund old-age programs with a diminished labor force. A slowdown in economic growth and reduced military power are also distinct possibilities with fewer workers and trained military personnel in the population.
Our economies are closely linked in trade and supply chains. Economic decline in China will have consequences for global competition for world markets that has become increasingly acute as China continues to extend its sphere of economic influence and poses a threat to the independence of Taiwan.
